Ghrelin mechanisms of food reward. Part 2. Interaction of ghrelin with hormones, neuropeptides and other endogenous ligands

The hunger hormone, ghrelin, is produced not only in response to food deprivation, but also released during various types of stress. In recent years, the rise ghrelin levels has come be seen as an essential component stress response. review devoted ghrelin-dependent mechanisms providing reciprocal interaction between hypothalamuspituitaryadrenal cortex axis and dopaminergic reward system. Direct feedback links stress-realizing system paraventricular nucleus, neural networks lateral hypothalamus arcuate nucleus (which form centers hunger/satiation), mesolimbic are considered. role peripheral satiety hormones glucocorticoids regulation motivation reinforcement discussed, well involvement endogenous opioid endocannabinoid receptors learning neurons ventral tegmental area hippocampus.